Instruct your students to assemble the map like putting. The theory has caused a revolution in the way we think about the earth. Forty years ago when plate tectonics was first discovered, there was a major shift in thinking in the earth sciences. Learning about plate tectonics through onscreen interactions. Pdf dynamics of superplumes in the lower mantle, in. Continental drift, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics plate tectonics is a theory developed in the late 1960s, to explain how the outer layers of the earth move and deform.
So there is a general consensus that without the slabpull that is so important in modern plate tectonics, there may not have been plate tectonics as such although there may have been subduction. Dynamics of superplumes in the lower mantle, in superplumes. Since the development of the theory, geologists have had to reexamine almost every aspect of. Beyond plate tectonics, springer, dordrecht 2007, pp. Call on volunteers to tell what they know about plate tectonics. It asserts that super plumes rise from the deeper mantle and are the drivers or substitutes. Plate tectonics is selfconsistently modeled as a part of convection of newtonian fluid with. I attribute the cretaceous pulse of pacific oceanic crust formation to a global plate reorganization associated with the breakup of pangea and rapid growth and reorganization of the pacific plate. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries which subsequently create midocean ridges. We combine geologic, petrologic, geochronologic, geochemical, and. Beyond plate tectonics article pdf available january 2007 with 39 reads how we measure reads. From studies of terrestrial mantle xenoliths griffin et al. As plates move, the new crust gradually moves away from the ridge.
Plate movement is driven by convection in earths mantle. I also organized a few teacher notes on plate tectonics to help guide class discussions today. By the end of 1967, earths surface had been mapped into a series of plates figure 10. Give one piece of the puzzle a plate or piece of a plate to each student or group of students. Stresses relax in the lower portion of the plate where creep processes dominate, but still behaves coherently with the plate. Explain the concept of plate tectonics, including types of plate boundaries, the. Superplumes beyond plate tectonics pdf free download. Discuss with them how europe, africa, south america, and north america might fit together as puzzle pieces. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the lithosphere is made up of about 12. Use webbased or other technology tools to show connections and patterns in data about tectonic plate boundaries and earthquakes. Finescale ultralow velocity zone layering at the coremantle boundary and superplumes edward j. Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary. The subducting plate is to beneath a retreating plate.
Beyond plate tectonics the thermal structure of the solid earth was estimated from the phase diagrams of morb and pyrolite combined with seismic discontinuity planes. The lithosphere is found to have an elastic portion which is roughly the upper. Download charlotte luongo ebook file free of charge and this book pdf found at saturday 29th of december 2012 03. Dynamics of plumes and superplumes through time experts. Jun 29, 2007 forty years ago when plate tectonics was first discovered, there was a major shift in thinking in the earth sciences. The solidstate convection in the earth mantle is characterized by plate tectonics, which shapes the tectonic activities of the earth, and superplumes as broad. Deep mantle plumes and an increasing earth radius sciencedirect. In this very short introduction peter molnar provides a succinct and authoritative account of the nature and mechanisms of plate tectonics and its impact on our understanding of earth. The cretaceous was characterized by widespread rifting, continental breakup, rapid spreading, and global magmatism. Little was known at that time about the deep mantle because of the lack of knowledge about material properties, the absence of any seismic tomography or concepts such as mantle convection.
Evidence for other superplume events is somewhat controversial, but geologists have proposed superplume events during the following periods of geologic history. Gather, analyze, and communicate data that explains earths plates, plate motions, and the results of plate motions dok 12 d. Iii global material circulation and petrogenesis of superplume rocks. Early maps showing the similarity between the east coast of south america and the west coast of africa provided people with the first evidence that the continents may once have been united and subsequently split apart. Catastrophic plate tectonics a global flood model of earth. Plume tectonics is a geoscientific theory that finds its roots in the mantle doming concept which was especially popular during the 1930s and initially did not accept major plate movements and continental drifting.
Does the entire lithospheric plate transmit stress in the same way. The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed. It is made up of pdftojpg v1 2 3 thick, interconnecting pieces called tectonic plates that fit. Plate convergence vectors referenced from united states geological survey.
The impact of plate tectonics is studied closely as these processes continue. The thermal and chemical state of the mantle remains rather steady, too. Jan 07, 2015 mantle convection mixed heating with effective rayleigh number of 1e8, thin stagnant lid. The cretaceous superplume was the first superplume event to be identified, but there is no reason to believe that it was a unique event in earth history. Midplate volcanoes and volcanic islands are not related to plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is an integral part of convective processes in the earths mantle with. D describe how plate tectonics causes major geological events such as ocean.
Plasienka geological institute, slovak academy of sciences, slovakia keywords. Similarly, the activity of plate tectonics may reflect the activity of superplumes in the earth, too. Earths surface is composed of about twelve rigid plates that move with respect to each other. Paleontologists noticed that these were the same on different continents even though the continents were separated by oceans.
Volcanoes and earthquakes delineate the plate boundaries. This is the actual plate boundary, and is where most of the earthquakes and volcanoes take place. I prepared for todays lesson by projecting and tracing the following document plate tectonics template on a large bulletin board paper. Tectonic plates california institute of technology. Supercontinentsuperplume coupling, true polar wander and plume mobility. This lack of definition makes it difficult to understand how plates move. The lithosphere lithosphere is comprised of the upper mantle and the crust, the outer shell of the earth. Windley this book provides a concise overview of our understanding of the entire mantle, its evolution since early differentiation and the consequences of superplumes for earth surface processes. A geochemical and petrological view of mantle plume tetsu kogiso. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors supercontinent. The center of this mountain range is a low lying area or rift, called the atlantic rift zone. Plate tectonics the tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century.
The plate tectonics theory and mantle plume concept thus complement each other to ex. Initiation and evolution of plate tectonics on earth. Mantle convection mixed heating with effective rayleigh number of 1e8, thin stagnant lid. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the largescale motion of seven large plates and. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. Created by oeits artemis group, the plate tectonics interactive visualization challenges students to interpret a 3d globe of tectonic data, providing animations of the opening and closing of ocean basins and the splitting of pangaea. It has slowly evolved into a concept that recognises and accepts large scale plate motions. Supercontinentsuperplume coupling, true polar wander and. Places where the seafloor is forced under continental plates. Shigenori maruyama tokyo institute of technology, japan shunichiro karato yale university, connecticut, u. The shape of this plate boundary mimics the shapes of the. A global flood model of earth history 3 preflood geology any. Yuen 2005 the importance of radiative heat transfer on superplumes in the lower mantle with the new postperovskite phase change. Define plate tectonics be sure to l ocate and identify all of the following areas on the map on page 233.
What are the limitations of the plate tectonic theory. The cretaceous superplume event was truly an earth systemwide event, as it had pronounced affects on the earths deep interior, lithosphere including tectonics, biosphere and atmosphereclimate. Crust is continuously being regenerated and removed. The earth is composed of layers of different composition and physical properties, principally the solid central core, the fluid peripheral core, the viscous mantle, and the solid. Multidisciplinary studies, integrating geophysics, geochemistry and geology, are required to further advance our understanding of the earths geodynamic system. While the lateral extent of modern plate can be easily defined by earthquake activity, its thickness is not physically defined. Photo courtesy of the museum of the city of san francisco. Beyond plate tectonics, abstract this book provides a concise overview of our understanding of the entire mantle, its evolution since early differentiation and the consequences of superplumes for earth surface processes. In essence, the predominant effects of plate subduction on mantle structures, including plumes and superplumes, suggest wholemantle, topdown tectonics. Chapter plate tectonics worksheet section i what is the theor y of plate tectonics. Platetectonic evolution of the earth canadian science publishing. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia plate tectonics from greek, tekton builder or mason describes the large scale motions of earths lithosphere. Plate tectonics pdf ebook plate tectonics read online and download ebook plate tectonics.
Little was known at that time about the deep mantle because of the lack of knowledge about material properties, the absence of any seismic tomography or concepts such as mantle. Earths crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. As the internal heating rate becomes lower, however, the narrow plumes from superplume become sporadic and significantly colder. Moving plates cover the globe what do scientists think the earths surface is made from. Gottesman hall of planet earth and use what they have learned to complete a ccssaligned writing task, creating an illustrated text about how plate tectonics plays a role in specific earth formations. Illustration of supercontinentsuperplume coupling in the past ma, and the possible presence of a. We combine recent progress in seismic tomography and numerical.
Takehome messages earths geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. In the earth, new plate margins develop also from the activation of fracture zones, reactivation of former plate margins, extension of existing plate margins, and collision of buoyant continental crusts andor oceanic plateaus e. The diverging plate boundary occurs at an underwater mountain range called the midatlantic ridge. It has survived from the 1970s until today in various forms and presentations. In other words, cooling of the mantle leads to plate tectonics while cooling of the core is responsible for mantle plumes. New oceanic crust is formed through magma rising through the gap and cooling. Geological understanding of plate tectonics 25 that plate tectonics cools the mantle whereas mantle plumes cool the earths core. Zhong physics of the earth and planetary interiors 176 2009 143156 147 fig. Despite certain problems, it seemed that plate and plume tectonics, initially existing as parallel paradigms, the former responsible largely for the upper tectonosphere and the latter for the lower tectonosphere, would be able to develop without con. Tectonic plates plate boundary referenced from bird, peter 2003 an updated digital model of plate boundaries.
Using previously published data for the african superplume, it is estimated that this. Rollback the hinge line of the subducting plate recedes faster then the overriding plate moves forward then the over riding plate must extend to fill the gap hancock, 1994. Students will read contentrich texts, visit the david s. The conventional statement of rigid plate tectonics with the hotspot amendment is as follows. Chapter notes worksheet michigan state university. Seafloor spreading and plate tectonics the path from research to human benefit national academy of sciences shattered by a powerful earthquake on april 18, 1906, the ruins of san franciscos city hall stand surrounded by thousands of tons of brick rubble. These evolving platetectonic processes have accompanied the earths thermal history since. To explore how the cretaceous earth system responded to the superplume event, see the following resources. The frequent plate margin formation keeps the activity of plate tectonics rather steady.
Yuen, shigenori maruyama, shunichiro karato, brian f. Superplumes, plates, and mantle magmatism in twodimensional numerical models masaki ogawa1. Dynamics of superplumes in the lower mantle springerlink. Tell them that they will be responsible for their plate placing it in the right position to form the world map and determining the motion of the plate with respect to surrounding plates. An onset of plate tectonics on earth around 3 ga may have led to the production and growth of dm and em mantle sources after this time. Introduce students to the concept of continental movement and plate tectonics. Your print orders will be fulfilled, even in these challenging times. Another important argument is that if plateaus are hot and difficult to subduct to depths of 700km, they may just underplate the continents. Plate tectonics is an integral part of convective processes in. Download superplumes beyond plate tectonics pdf ebook superplumes beyond plate tectonics superplumes beyond plate tectonics ebook author by chorkheng lim superplumes beyond plate tectonics ebook free of registration rating.
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